Bearing Bronze Alloys: Characteristics and Selection Guide

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Bronze is a versatile alloy primarily composed of copper and tin, known for its excellent mechanical properties, including strength, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Below is a comprehensive overview of its properties, particularly in the context of bearing applications and high-temperature performance.

Self-Lubricated Bronze Bearings

Bearing bronze alloys according to ASTM B505, ASTM B271 & ASTM B22

Bronze, Graphite

Bearing bronze alloys according to EN 1982 standard

Self-Lubrication Options for Bronze Bearings Material

Properties of Bearing Bronze

Mechanical Properties

Strength: Bronze exhibits remarkable strength, which allows it to withstand harsh environments. This property is crucial for applications requiring toughness and durability, especially in bearings that experience high loads.

Ductility: The ability to deform without fracturing enables bronze to be cast into complex shapes, making it suitable for various applications, including intricate designs in machinery.

Hardness: Bronze’s hardness contributes to its resilience against wear and deformation, making it ideal for components like bearings that endure friction.

Thermal Properties

  • High-Temperature Performance: Different bronze alloys have varying maximum operating temperatures. For example:
    • C93200 (Bearing Bronze): Max operating temperature around 500°F (260°C).
    • C95400 (Aluminum Bronze): Can operate up to 750°F (400°C) intermittently.
    • C95500 (Aluminum Bronze): Similar capabilities as C95400.
  • Creep Resistance: Bronze alloys are known for good creep resistance, which is essential for components subjected to constant loads over extended periods at elevated temperatures.
Wrapped Bronze Bearings made of CuSn8 with Grease Reservoirs
impregnated bronze bearings Metric Bronze Bushings mold and die tooling Nickel Aluminum Bronze: CuAl10Ni5Fe5 offers superior salt water corrosion resistance.

Corrosion Resistance

Bronze is inherently resistant to corrosion, particularly in marine environments where exposure to seawater can degrade other materials. This makes it a reliable choice for applications like pumps and marine hardware.

Self-lubricated bronze bearings are designed to provide continuous lubrication without the need for additional grease or oil. These bearings typically have a porosity rate of around 25%, which allows for effective lubrication as the embedded oil is gradually released during operation.

Bronze bearings are produced through a process of casting, machining, and lubrication. When specifying these bearings, it is important to indicate whether the edges should be left “as-cast” or machined.

Design Pressure Specifications

Alloy C90500 Modified: The maximum design pressure is 800 psi at a temperature of 600°F.

Alloy C86300: The maximum design pressure is 1000 psi at a temperature of 800°F.

For temperatures between 250°F and the maximum specified temperature, a straight-line interpolation can be used to determine the corresponding design pressure. This version maintains the original information while improving readability and organization.

The Future of Bearing Bronze in Engineering and Design

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Selection Guide for Bearing Bronze Bushing Materials

When selecting bearing bronze materials, several factors should be considered:

Load Capacity: Choose a material that can withstand the expected load without deforming or failing. High-strength bronzes are preferred for heavy-duty applications.

Temperature Resistance: Ensure the selected bronze can withstand the operational temperature without losing its mechanical properties. Aluminum bronzes are particularly effective in high-temperature settings.

Wear Characteristics: Opt for materials with high wear resistance if the application involves significant friction and abrasion. Bearing bronzes like C93200 are specifically formulated for low friction and high load-bearing capacity56.

Corrosion Resistance: If the bushing will be exposed to moisture or chemicals, select a bronze alloy with superior corrosion resistance.

CAST BRONZE1
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Tin Bronze
Tin bronzes are a category of copper alloys that are known for their excellent bearing properties and are widely used in applications requiring high strength and durability. These alloys are primarily composed of copper and tin, with varying amounts of other elements such as zinc, lead, and phosphorus, which contribute to their unique characteristics.
CAST BRONZE2
centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bushing bearings
Phosphor Bronze:
Phosphor Bronze: Contains copper, tin (up to 11%), and phosphorus. Known for excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
CAST BRONZE4
bronze graphite bushings, centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bearings
Aluminium Bronzes
Aluminum Bronze: Composed of copper and aluminum (6–12% aluminum). It offers high strength and wear resistance, making it suitable for demanding applications.
CAST BRONZE3
centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bearings
High Tensile Brasses
High Tensile Brasses, also known as Manganese Bronze or High Strength Brass, are a category of copper alloys that are specifically engineered to provide enhanced mechanical properties, particularly in terms of tensile strength. These alloys are used in a variety of applications where high strength and durability are required, including the manufacturing of bearing components.
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centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bushing bearings
Special Bronze Alloys

Special bronze alloys are engineered materials that are specifically designed to meet the demanding requirements of various industrial applications, particularly in the manufacturing of bearings. These alloys offer a unique combination of properties, such as high strength, excellent wear resistance, good conductivity, and corrosion resistance, which make them ideal for use in harsh environments and under extreme conditions.

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Special Bronze Alloys And Aluminium Bronze Bearing， Search Our Material Alloy

Bearing Bronze: Cast Bronze Alloys

bearing bronze materials are chosen based on their mechanical strength, thermal properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. The specific alloy selected will depend on the application’s requirements regarding load capacity, operating temperature, and environmental conditions. Understanding these properties helps ensure optimal performance and longevity in various industrial applications.

ASTM Bronzes parts

Bronzes that comply with the ASTM B505 and B271 standard
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EN 1982 Bronze Bearing

Range of bronze bearing from the European Standard EN 1982.
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Cast Bronze Alloys  Hardness & Operating Temperatures

Alloy Brinell Hardness Min Operating Temperature Max Operating Temperature
C93200 65 typical (500 kg load) -450°F 500°F
C95400 175 (3000 kg load) -450°F 750°F to 1200°F (Intermittent)
C93700 60 typical (500 kg load) -450°F 500°F
C93800 55 typical (500 kg load) -450°F 500°F
C90700 100 typical (500 kg load) -450°F 550°F
C90300 70 typical (500 kg load) -450°F 550°F
C86300 225 (3000 kg load) -450°F 400°F
C95500 195 (3000 kg load) -450°F 750°F to 1200°F (Intermittent)
C95900 241 min (3000 kg load) -450°F 750°F to 1200°F (Intermittent)
Alloy Tensile Strength (MPa) Max Operating Temperature
C93200 350 – 500 (approx.) 500°F
C95400 586 (approx.) 750°F to 1200°F (Intermittent)
C93700 350 – 500 (approx.) 500°F
C93800 350 – 500 (approx.) 500°F
C90700 100 – 200 (approx.) 550°F
C90300 70 – 150 (approx.) 550°F
C86300 760 (approx.) 400°F
C95500 195 – 300 (approx.) 750°F to 1200°F (Intermittent)
C95900 241 – 300 (approx.) 750°F to 1200°F (Intermittent)

Slide Bearings in Various Alloys

We offer slide bearings crafted from a diverse range of alloys, all of which are approved for use in nuclear, structural, industrial, and bridge applications.

Cast Alloys for Self-Lubricating Bronze Bearing Plates

The information below highlights the cast alloys commonly utilized in self-lubricating bronze bearing plates: This version maintains the original meaning while enhancing readability and engagement.

 

Bronze Types and ASTM Specifications

Type ASTM Specification
Hi Tin Bronze B22 Alloy C91300
Hi Tin Bronze B22 Alloy C91100
Hi-Leaded Tin Bronze B22 Alloy C93700
Leaded Bronze B22 Alloy C90500
Manganese Bronze B22 Alloy C86300
Aluminum Bronze B148 Alloy C95400

Maintenance Free, Bearing Bronze Components

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Special Bronze Alloys， Manufacture of Bronze Parts

Composition and Properties of Tin Bronzes

Tin Content: Tin is the key component in tin bronzes, typically comprising 8-12.5% of the alloy. Its presence notably enhances the strength and hardness of the alloy compared to pure copper.

Copper Base: Copper constitutes approximately 87% of the alloy, providing excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance, which are advantageous for numerous applications.

Additional Elements:

  • Lead: Integrated to enhance anti-friction properties, making the alloy particularly suitable for bearings and other applications where friction reduction is crucial.
  • Zinc: Increases the strength and wear resistance of the alloy.
  • Phosphorus: Boosts machinability and can also strengthen the alloy.

Applications of Tin Bronzes in Bearings

Tin bronzes are highly valued in bearing applications due to their robust combination of strength, wear resistance, and favorable frictional properties. Specific applications include:

  • Plain Bearings: Often utilized in devices that mitigate friction between moving parts.
  • Bushing and Sleeve Bearings: Employed where a smooth surface is necessary to minimize friction and wear.
  • Gear Components: The strength and durability of tin bronzes are ideal for gears subjected to heavy loads, ensuring reliable operation over extended periods.
  • Pump Bodies and Structural Parts: Useful in components exposed to high loads and corrosive environments.

Standards and Specifications

Tin bronzes are manufactured in accordance with various international standards, such as the EN 1982 standard. Examples of tin bronze alloys conforming to this standard include:

  • CuSn5Zn5Pb5 (CC491K): Known for its high durability and tensile strength, this alloy is ideal for heavily loaded machine parts and high-speed machine friction components.
  • EN 1982 CC491K, CuSn5ZnPb5-C: Also referred to as red metal, this alloy is favored for applications requiring excellent bearing properties and wear resistance.
  • CuAl10Fe5Ni5 (CC333G): Although not a traditional tin bronze, this alloy is recognized under the EN 1982 standard and is suitable for parts operating under extreme load and tension, thanks to its superior corrosion resistance.

In conclusion, tin bronzes offer a versatile range of properties making them excellent for bearing applications. Their well-defined composition and compliance with international standards like EN 1982 enable them to meet the diverse demands of various industrial uses where high strength, wear resistance, and effective friction management are essential.

Composition of Leaded Bronzes

Leaded bronzes are primarily composed of copper, tin, and lead. Typically, the lead content ranges from 4 to 10%, enhancing the alloy’s lubricity under dry or boundary lubrication conditions. Tin, which usually constitutes 8 to 12% of the alloy, bolsters the strength and hardness of the bronze.

Properties of Leaded Bronzes

  • Self-Lubrication: Lead imparts a smooth, low-friction surface to the alloy, enabling operation with minimal external lubrication.
  • Improved Wear Resistance: These bronzes are noted for their robust wear resistance, essential for the durability of bearings and other mechanical components.
  • High Strength and Fatigue Resistance: The synergy of copper and tin endows the alloy with considerable strength and fatigue resistance, suitable for enduring heavy loads and repetitive stress cycles.
  • Corrosion Resistance: Leaded bronzes also demonstrate commendable resistance to corrosion, making them apt for harsh environmental conditions.

Applications of Leaded Bronze Bearings

  • Heavy Machinery Bearings: The self-lubricating properties of leaded bronzes make them ideal for bearings in heavy machinery such as industrial pumps, compressors, and gears.
  • Automotive and Transportation: These bearings are utilized in various automotive applications, including wheel bearings, valve lifters, and suspension components.
  • Marine and Offshore Equipment: Their corrosion resistance makes leaded bronzes suitable for marine and offshore applications, where they face exposure to saltwater and other corrosive elements.
  • Industrial Machinery: Leaded bronze bearings find extensive use in industrial machinery across sectors such as textiles, printing, and food processing, where consistent performance is crucial.

Environmental Considerations and Alternatives

The environmental and health impacts of lead have led to scrutiny over its use in bronze alloys. With lead recognized as a toxic substance, efforts are increasing to phase it out or restrict its use. This has spurred interest in developing alternatives such as bismuth bronze, which offers similar self-lubricating properties without lead. Additionally, alloys based on aluminum and zinc are being explored as potential substitutes for leaded bronzes.

Composition and Properties of CuSn7Zn4Pb7

Composition:

  • Copper (Cu): As the foundational metal, copper comprises the majority of CuSn7Zn4Pb7, offering excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance which underpins the alloy’s performance.
  • Tin (Sn): Tin, making up about 7% of the alloy, enhances its strength and hardness, which are critical for the alloy’s durability and resistance to wear.
  • Zinc (Zn): The inclusion of zinc not only improves the alloy’s casting characteristics but also augments its strength.
  • Lead (Pb): At approximately 4%, lead boosts the alloy’s machinability and imparts superior bearing qualities, such as self-lubrication under certain operational conditions.

Performance Characteristics:

  • High Strength and Hardness: The synergy of copper, tin, and lead provides substantial strength and hardness, crucial for enduring heavy loads in bearing applications.
  • Wear Resistance: CuSn7Zn4Pb7 is noted for its exceptional wear resistance, ideal for plain bearings subjected to consistent friction and movement.
  • Self-Lubricating Properties: Lead content facilitates self-lubrication, reducing reliance on external lubricants and enhancing performance in dry or boundary lubrication scenarios.
  • Corrosion Resistance: This alloy boasts significant resistance to various forms of corrosion, making it suitable for harsh environments.

Applications in Heavy-Duty Environments:

  • Industrial Machinery: Due to its robustness and wear resistance, the alloy excels in heavy machinery such as pumps, compressors, and gears, ensuring dependable operation.
  • Automotive Industry: Utilized in components like wheel bearings and transmission parts, CuSn7Zn4Pb7 supports high durability and load-bearing demands.
  • Marine and Offshore Equipment: Its corrosion resistance proves invaluable in marine settings, safeguarding equipment against the rigors of saltwater and extreme conditions.
  • Renewable Energy: The alloy’s properties make it apt for renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines and solar panels, where long-term reliability is essential.

Conclusion: CuSn7Zn4Pb7, a leaded tin bronze, is excellently suited for plain bearings in demanding applications. Its blend of strength, wear resistance, self-lubrication, and corrosion resistance renders it an optimal material for environments where high performance and longevity are critical.

While leaded bronzes are effective bearing materials known for their self-lubrication, wear resistance, and strength, the industry is actively pursuing alternative materials. These alternatives aim to replicate the performance benefits of leaded bronzes without the environmental and health risks associated with lead.

Composition of Aluminum Bronzes

Aluminum bronzes are distinguished by their high aluminum content, which typically ranges from 6% to 12%. The base of the alloy is predominantly copper, which enhances the overall properties of the alloy. To improve performance, small quantities of other elements such as iron, nickel, or manganese may be included.

Properties of Aluminum Bronzes

  • High Strength and Hardness: Aluminum bronzes are noted for their robust strength and hardness, making them ideal for bearing materials that need to endure heavy loads and abrasive conditions.
  • Corrosion Resistance: These alloys excel in corrosion resistance, particularly in marine environments where they are exposed to saltwater and other corrosive agents.
  • Wear Resistance: The inherent hardness and composition of aluminum bronzes enhance their wear resistance, essential for bearings and components subjected to friction.
  • Machinability: Aluminum bronzes are often highly machinable, facilitating the fabrication of complex parts with precision.
  • Thermal Conductivity: These alloys also possess good thermal conductivity, advantageous in applications requiring effective heat dissipation.

Applications of Aluminum Bronze Bearings

  • Marine Equipment: Their corrosion resistance makes aluminum bronze bearings suitable for marine use, such as in propellers, shafts, and other subsea components.
  • Industrial Machinery: Given their strength and wear resistance, these bronzes are preferred in industrial machinery for gears, bushings, and bearings under heavy loads.
  • Aerospace Components: Aluminum bronzes are valued in aerospace for components like bushings and bearings, where high strength and fatigue resistance are crucial.
  • Automotive Industry: These bearings are employed in various automotive applications, including wheel bearings, benefiting from their self-lubricating properties and resistance to wear.
  • Electronics and Electrical Equipment: The thermal conductivity of aluminum bronzes is beneficial in the electronics and electrical sectors, aiding in heat dissipation for optimal functioning.

Popular Aluminum Bronze Alloys

  • C954 Aluminum Bronze: Known for its excellent tensile and yield strength, ductility, weldability, and machinability, C954 is widely used where strength and corrosion resistance are required.
  • C95500 Aluminum Bronze: This alloy offers properties similar to C954 but with a slightly higher aluminum content, enhancing its corrosion resistance and strength.
  • C95200 Aluminum Bronze: Renowned for its superior bearing properties, C95200 is frequently chosen for applications demanding high load capacity and wear resistance.

In summary, aluminum bronzes are a versatile class of bearing bronzes that excel in strength, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, making them suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, from marine and industrial machinery to aerospace and automotive industries. The reliability and performance of these alloys in demanding conditions contribute to their widespread popularity.

High Tensile Brasses: Composition and Applications

Overview High Tensile Brasses, also known as Manganese Bronze or High Strength Brass, are specialized copper alloys designed for enhanced mechanical properties, especially tensile strength. These alloys are vital in applications requiring high strength and durability, such as in the manufacturing of bearing components.

Composition The primary components of High Tensile Brasses are copper and zinc. Manganese is the critical alloying element that sets these brasses apart from standard brass alloys, as it significantly boosts the alloy’s strength. Additional elements like aluminum, iron, nickel, and silicon may be incorporated to further improve various characteristics of the alloy.

Properties

  • High Tensile Strength: The inclusion of manganese and other elements markedly increases these brasses’ tensile strength beyond that of standard brass alloys.
  • Good Fatigue Resistance: These alloys exhibit enhanced fatigue resistance, making them suitable for applications involving cyclic loading.
  • Corrosion Resistance: High Tensile Brasses offer robust corrosion resistance, particularly in marine and other corrosive environments.
  • Wear Resistance: The inherent strength and hardness also enhance their wear resistance, crucial in bearing applications.
  • Machinability: Despite their hardness, High Tensile Brasses are machinable, allowing for the precise fabrication of complex parts.

Applications

  • Bearings and Bushings: Ideal for bearings and bushings, these alloys can handle heavy loads and demanding operational conditions due to their strength and wear resistance.
  • Marine Components: Their corrosion resistance makes them suitable for marine applications, including propeller shafts and bearings exposed to saltwater.
  • Heavy Machinery: Utilized in construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and industrial pumps, where components face high loads and stress.
  • Automotive Industry: Found in various automotive components such as valve stems, wear rings, and bearings designed for heavy loads.
  • Structural Components: Employed in structural components that demand high strength and fatigue resistance, such as bridges and infrastructure projects.

Popular High Tensile Brass Alloys

  • CZ114/CW721R: Known for its versatility, this high-strength brass alloy is both hot workable and machinable, often used for its excellent mechanical properties.
  • C95200: A specific high-tensile brass that balances strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability.
  • ToughMet Spinodal: A high-entropy alloy that includes high tensile brasses and bronzes, providing unique property combinations for specialized applications.

Summary High Tensile Brasses are essential copper alloys that deliver superior mechanical properties, particularly in tensile strength. Their robustness, combined with excellent corrosion and wear resistance, makes them highly sought after for a wide array of industrial and engineering applications.

Lubrication bearing Bronze, Metal & Bimetal – Bronze Bearings – Steel Bushings
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