ASTM Bronze Bearing Alloys: Metal Alloy Standards, Industrial Reference Materials

Bearing Bronze Solutions – Tailored for Efficiency & Strength

specifications for bronze alloys as defined by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards B505, B271, and B22.

Bronze alloys are widely used in the manufacturing of self-lubricating bushings due to their excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. When producing these components, manufacturers adhere to specific standards to ensure quality and consistency.

ASTM B505: This standard specifies the requirements for copper alloy continuous castings. Continuous casting is a process where molten metal is solidified into a “semi-finished” billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling or other processing. The standard covers rod, bar, tube, and shapes produced from copper alloys with nominal compositions listed in the specification. Manufacturers who produce bronze bushings using the continuous casting method would follow the guidelines set by ASTM B505 to ensure the material properties meet the necessary standards for performance and durability. This includes maintaining heat traceability to a specific manufacturing date and chemical analysis, as well as adhering to the values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units, which are regarded separately as standard to avoid non-conformance with the standard. Additionally, the manufacturer is responsible for establishing appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices in accordance with the standard’s guidelines.

ASTM B271: Custom Bronze Bearings – ASTM B271

🔩 Centrifugal Cast Precision

Premium bronze bearings made to ASTM B271 specs. Tailor-made for your unique applications. Request a quote for custom parts!

This specification establishes requirements for copper-based brass or bronze centrifugal castings. Centrifugal casting is a process where a rotating mold is filled with molten metal, which solidifies while the mold is still rotating, resulting in a uniform and dense structure. Mechanical properties of the castings are determined from test bars. For bronze bushings that are manufactured using centrifugal casting, the material properties and production process would be in accordance with ASTM B271 to ensure the structural integrity and performance of the bushings.

By adhering to these standards, manufacturers can ensure that the bronze alloys used in self-lubricating bushings have the desired properties for various applications, such as those requiring high load-bearing capacity, low friction, and resistance to wear and corrosion. It is important to note that while these standards provide guidelines for the production process and material properties, the specific alloy composition and the properties of the final product can vary based on the application requirements and the manufacturer’s expertise.

If you need more specific information about the properties of bronze alloys according to these standards or have other related questions, feel free to ask!

self lubricating bronze bushes17
bronze lube bushings
ASTM B505
Standard Specification for Copper-Base Alloy Continuous Castings: This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 505 and pertains to copper-base alloy continuous castings. It outlines the requirements for the production and properties of these castings.
JFB graphite bronze bushing flange bronze bearing
centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bushing bearings
ASTM B271
B271/B271M Standard Specification for Copper-Base Alloy Centrifugal Castings: This specification establishes the requirements for copper-based brass or bronze centrifugal castings. It includes details on mechanical properties determined from test bars and other relevant criteria for such castings.
CAST BRONZE4
bronze graphite bushings, centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bearings
ASTM B22

B22/B22M Standard Specification for Bronze Castings for Bridges and Turntables: This specification covers the requirements for UNS C86300, which is a type of bronze alloy used in the castings for bridges and turntables. It includes specifications for the material, manufacturing, and testing of these castings.

Superior ASTM B22 Bronze Alloys

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Aluminum Bronze Copper plate
centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bearings
High Tensile Brasses
High Tensile Brasses, also known as Manganese Bronze or High Strength Brass, are a category of copper alloys that are specifically engineered to provide enhanced mechanical properties, particularly in terms of tensile strength. These alloys are used in a variety of applications where high strength and durability are required, including the manufacturing of bearing components.
Center Plate Bushing
centrifugal cast bronze self-lubricating bushing bearings
Special Bronze Alloys Manufacture and Machining

ASTM Certified Bronze Bearings

💡 ASTM B505 & B271 Standards

Your source for standard and custom bronze bearings. Exceptional quality and durability. Find your perfect fit. Shop now!

bearings Bronze Standards， ASTM B505 Bronze – Custom fit Bearings

Cut to Your Specs： Need specific dimensions? We supply ASTM B505 standard bronze bearings in custom sizes. Contact us for self-lubricating solutions!

ASTM

Bearing bronze alloys according to ASTM B505, ASTM B271 & ASTM B22

EN 1982 Bronze

Bearing bronze alloys according to EN 1982 standard

Type Of Bearing

oilless bush

Bearing Bronze in Industry: Uses and Advantages

We offer a diverse selection of bearings made from tin bronze, leaded bronze, aluminum bronze, and high tensile brass, all self-lubricating and conforming to EN 1982 and ASTM standards. Our inventory features some of the most sought-after alloys, including:

  • EN 1982 CC493K, also known as CuSn7ZnPb, which combines tin, zinc, and lead for a balanced blend of strength and ductility.
  • EN 1982 CC483K, or CuSn12-C, known for its excellent wear resistance and mechanical strength.
  • EN 1982 CC482K, designated as CuSn11Pb2-C, offers enhanced wear resistance with a higher lead content.
  • EN 1982 CC333G, referred to as CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C, is an aluminum bronze with significant strength and resistance to corrosion.
  • EN 1982 CC762S, also called CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C, is an alloy prized for its high strength and excellent corrosion resistance.

We’re committed to supplying bearings that meet stringent quality standards and cater to a broad range of industrial needs.

Innovations in Bearing Bronze Technology and the Impact

Bronze specified according to EN 1982, which is a European Standard (EN) that covers the composition and mechanical properties of copper and copper alloys used for the production of self-lubricating bearings. These alloys are known for their self-lubricating properties, which make them ideal for applications where traditional lubricants may not be suitable or where maintenance is desired to be minimal.

wrapped bronze
steel bronze

EN 1982，custom manufacturing of bronze and self-lubricating bronze components

  • EN 1982 CC493K / CuSn7ZnPb: This is a tin bronze alloy with additions of lead, which enhances its machinability and bearing properties. The lead also improves the alloy’s embeddability, allowing it to accommodate and distribute foreign particles, thus reducing wear.
  • EN 1982 CC483K / CuSn12-C: This is a high-tin bronze with approximately 12% tin. It is known for its excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in seawater and other marine environments, as well as its good bearing properties.
  • EN 1982 CC482K / CuSn11Pb2-C: This is another leaded tin bronze, with a slightly lower tin content but with added lead for improved machinability and bearing performance.
  • EN 1982 CC333G / CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C: This is an aluminum bronze, which is valued for its high strength and excellent resistance to corrosion, particularly in acidic environments. The addition of iron and nickel enhances its mechanical properties.
  • EN 1982 CC762S / CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C: This is a high-strength brass alloy with aluminum and manganese additions. It offers good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, making it suitable for a range of bearing applications.

The Future of Bearing Bronze in Engineering and Design

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Applications: Industrial – Selecting standard Bronze Bearing Materials

While EN 1982 provides the European specifications for these alloys, it’s also common for manufacturers to follow ASTM standards, which are widely recognized internationally. The specific ASTM standards that might correspond to these alloys could include ASTM B505 for continuous castings, ASTM B271 for centrifugal castings, and ASTM B22 for specific bronze alloys used in bridge and turntable castings, depending on the application. When supplying these self-lubricating bearings, it’s crucial to ensure that the materials and manufacturing processes adhere to the relevant standards to guarantee the quality and performance of the final product.

  • C83600: Equivalent to CC491K – CuSn5ZnPb5-C, which is a type of leaded tin bronze.
  • C84400: Equivalent to CC490K – CuSn3Zn8Pb5-C, another leaded tin bronze.
  • C86200: Equivalent to CC764S – CuZn34Mn3Al2Fe1-C, categorized as high tensile brasses.
  • C86300: Equivalent to CC762S – CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C, also categorized as high tensile brasses.
  • C90700 : Equivalent to CC483K – CuSn12-C, which is a lead-free tin bronze.
  • C92700: Equivalent to CC480K – CuSn10-C, a tin bronze.
  • C93200: Equivalent to CC493K – CuSn7Zn4Pb7-C, a leaded tin bronze.
  • C93700: Equivalent to CC495K – CuSn10Pb10-C, a leaded tin bronze.
  • C93800: Equivalent to CC496K – CuSn7Pb15-C, a leaded tin bronze with a higher lead content.
  • C95200: Equivalent to CC331G – CuAl10Fe2-C, an aluminum bronze.
  • C95500: Equivalent to CC333G – CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C, another aluminum bronze.

The alloys listed are used in various industrial applications where properties like wear resistance, strength, and self-lubrication are required. The equivalence provided helps manufacturers and engineers to select the appropriate material based on the standards they are working with, whether it’s an ASTM, EN, or a specific supplier’s standard.

Region Standard Alloy Designation Code Former Denomination  
Europe BS 1400 LG4      
Europe DIN 1705 CuSn5ZnPb (Rg7)      
Europe NFA 53707 UE7      
USA ASTM B505 C93200 (SAE 660)      
USA ASTM B271 C93200 (SAE 660)      
Australia AS 1565 C93200      
Japan JIS H5121 CAC407C      
Japan JIS H5120 CAC407      
ISO 1338 CuSn7Pb6Zn4      
Germany DIN 1705:1981 CuSn7ZnPb 2.1090 Rg 7, GC-Rg 7, GZ-Rg 7  
Australia AS 1565:1996, AS 2738-3:1984-00 C92410A C92410A 87/7/3/3 Leaded gunmetal  
Australia AS 1565:1996 C93200 C93200 Leaded gunmetal SAE 660  
Denmark DS 3001:1978 Rodgods 5426 5426 Rodgods 5426 [ Rg 7 ]  
Spain UNE 37-103-2:1981 CuSn7Zn4Pb6 C-3530    
Europe EN 1982:1998 CuSn7Zn2Pb3-C CC492K    
Europe EN 1982:1998 CuSn7Zn4Pb7-C CC493K    
Finland SFS 2207:1977 CuSn7Pb6Zn3      
France NF A 53-707:1987 CuSn7Pb6Zn4      
ISO ISO 1338:1977 CuSn7Zn3Pb7   BS ZN 4 // Bronzo allo zinco  
Italy UNI 7013-7:1972        
Portugal NS 16525:1977 CuSn7Pb6Zn3   Rodmetall Stopelegering  
Portugal NP 1585:1978 CuSn7Pb6Zn4      
UK BS 1400:1985 CuSn7Pb3Zn3 LG4 87/7/3/3 Leaded gunmetal CuSn7  
Switzerland VSM 10810-1:1973 CuSn7Pb6Zn4   Rg 7  
USA ASTM B584:1999 C93200 C93200 High-lead tin bronze SAE 660  

This chart outlines the various international standards corresponding to different bronze alloy compositions and their status, providing a reference for global specifications.

 
 
ASTM B505 Equivalent Alloys Closest Alloys Type of Alloy Details
C83600 C83600 / C836 / CDA836 CC491K – CuSn5ZnPb5-C See
C84400 C84400 / C844 / CDA844 CC490K – CuSn3Zn8Pb5-C See
C86200 C86200 / C862 / CDA862 CC764S – CuZn34Mn3Al2Fe1-C High tensile brasses See
C86300 C86300 / C863 / CDA863 CC762S – CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C High tensile brasses See
C90300 C90300 / C903 / CDA903 – Tin bronzes See
C90500 C90500 / C905 / CDA905 – See
C90700 alternative CC483K – CuSn12-C See
C92200 – Tin bronzes See
C92700 C92700 / C927 / CDA927 CC480K – CuSn10-C See
C93200 C93200 / C932 / CDA932 CC493K – CuSn7Zn4Pb7-C See
C93600 C93600 / C936 / CDA936 – See
C93700 C93700 / C937 / CDA937 CC495K – CuSn10Pb10-C See
C93800 C93800 / C938 / CDA938 CC496K – CuSn7Pb15-C Lead bronzes See
C93900 C93900 / C939 / CDA939 – Lead bronzes See
C94100 C94100 / C941 / CDA941 CC497K – CuSn5Pb20-C See
C95200 C95200 / C952 / CDA952 CC331G – CuAl10Fe2-C See
C95400 C95400 / C954 / CDA954 – Aluminium Bronzes See
C95500 C95500 / C955 / CDA955 CC333G – CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C See
C95520 C95520 / C955 / CDA955 – See
C95800 C95800 / C958 / CDA958 – Aluminium Bronzes See
C95900 C95900 / C959 / CDA959 – See

This table organizes the ASTM B505 standards, lternative alloys, and the types of alloys, adding a “See” link for further details where applicable.

ASTM B271 Alloys Alternative Alloys Type of Alloy Details
C83600 CC491K – CuSn5ZnPb5-C See
C84400 CC490K – CuSn3Zn8Pb5-C Tin bronzes See
C86200 CC764S – CuZn34Mn3Al2Fe1-C High tensile brasses See
C90300 – See
C90500 – See
C92200 – See
C93200 CC493K – CuSn7ZnPb7 See
C93600 – Lead bronzes See
C93700 CC495K – CuSn10Pb10-C See
C93800 CC496K – CuSn7Pb15-C See
C95200 CC331G – CuAl10Fe2-C Aluminium Bronzes See
C95400 – See
C95500 CC333G – CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C See
C95800 – See
C95900 – See

This table provides a clear overview of the ASTM B271 standards, alongside the alternative alloys and other alloys, with a column for the type of alloy where applicable and links to further details.

Durable Bronze Bearings – ASTM B22
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Choose from our selection of ASTM B22 compliant bronze alloys. Ideal for heavy-duty applications. Custom sizes available. Order now!

ASTM B22 Closest Alternative Alloys Closest Alloys Type of Alloy Details
C86300   – High tensile brasses See
C90500   – Aluminium Bronzes See
C91100   – Tin bronzes See
C93700   – Lead bronzes See

This table neatly organizes the ASTM B22 standards, showing which types of alloys are associated with each, even though alternative alloy specifics aren’t listed here.

When selecting materials for sliding bearings, in addition to traditional copper alloys, a variety of additional alloys are available that offer distinct performance characteristics to meet the needs of specific applications. Here are some common additional alloys and their properties:

  • CuSn7ZnPb (RG7): Also known as Leaded Tin Bronze, this alloy provides excellent mechanical performance and wear resistance. The addition of lead offers superior self-lubricating properties, making it suitable for high-load and high-speed applications.
  • CuSn10: A bronze alloy with a higher tin content, offering increased hardness and strength, suitable for applications requiring high load capacity and wear resistance.
  • CuSn12: This alloy contains 12% tin, providing enhanced wear resistance and corrosion resistance, making it suitable for bearing manufacturing in marine and chemical environments.
  • CuPb10Sn: This alloy combines the advantages of lead and tin, providing good self-lubrication and high load capacity, suitable for heavy-load and shock-load applications.
  • CuPb15Sn: An alloy with higher contents of lead and tin, offering excellent sliding performance and self-lubrication, suitable for bearings requiring excellent wear resistance.
  • CuAl10Ni: Nickel Aluminum Bronze is favored for its excellent corrosion resistance and high strength, suitable for bearings and structural parts in marine and chemical environments.
  • CuSn10Zn (RG10): This alloy combines the benefits of tin and zinc, providing good strength and wear resistance, suitable for high-load and high-speed applications.
  • CuZn25Al5: Known as Aluminum Brass, this alloy is renowned for its high strength, good thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance, suitable for applications requiring high wear resistance and reliability.
  • CuSn5ZnPb (RG5): This alloy offers good sliding performance and self-lubrication, suitable for medium-load and speed applications.

When choosing an alloy, it is crucial to consider the specific requirements of the application, including load, speed, temperature, environmental conditions, and lubrication. These additional alloys provide a diverse range of options that can meet the demands of various industrial applications. By making informed choices and applying these materials appropriately, equipment efficiency and reliability can be significantly improved, extending their operational lifespan.

EN 1982 Replacement Alloy Closest ASTM B505 Alloy Type of Alloy Details
CC330G – CuAl9-C Aluminium Bronzes See
CC331G – CuAl10Fe2-C W-AlFe C95200 See
CC332G – CuAl10Ni3Fe2-C See
CC333G – CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C W-AlNi C95500 See
CC334G – CuAl11FeNi6-C Aluminium Bronzes See
CC480K – CuSn10-C W-10 C90700, C92700 See
CC481K – CuSn11P-C Tin bronzes See
CC482K – CuSn11Pb2-C W-12Zn See
CC483K – CuSn12-C W-12 C90700 See
CC484K – CuSn12Ni2-C W-12Ni See
CC491K – CuSn5ZnPb5-C W-5 C83600 Tin bronzes See
CC492K – CuSn7Zn2Pb3-C See
CC493K – CuSn7ZnPb W-7 C93200 See
CC494K – CuSn5Pb9-C See
CC495K – CuSn10Pb10-C W-Pb10 C93700 See
CC496K – CuSn7Pb15-C W-Pb15 C93800 See
CC497K – CuSn5Pb20-C W-Pb20 C94300 Lead bronzes See
CC499K – CuSn5Zn5Pb2-C Lead bronzes See
CC762S – CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C W-255 C86300 High tensile brasses See
CC764S – CuZn34Mn3Al2Fe1-C W-342 C86200 High tensile brasses See
CC765S – CuZn35Mn2Al1Fe1-C See

This table organizes the EN 1982 alloy designations alongside their replacement alloys, closest ASTM B505 alloys, type descriptions where applicable, and provides a link for further details.

When selecting materials for sliding bearings, copper alloys stand out as an ideal choice due to their exceptional properties. CuZn25Al5, CuAl10Ni, CuSn12Pb, and CuSn7ZnPb are several commonly used bronze alloys, each with unique characteristics suitable for different application scenarios.

CuZn25Al5 (Aluminum Brass) The CuZn25Al5 alloy is renowned for its high strength, excellent thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. The addition of aluminum increases the hardness and strength of the alloy, while zinc provides extra corrosion resistance. This alloy’s sliding layer can withstand pressures of about 25-30% (N/mm²), making it an ideal material for sliding bearings in heavy-load applications. Moreover, the high thermal conductivity of aluminum brass aids in heat dissipation, which is crucial for maintaining the stability of bearings during prolonged operation.

CuAl10Ni (Nickel Aluminum Bronze) The CuAl10Ni alloy contains a higher proportion of nickel, which significantly enhances the alloy’s corrosion resistance and strength. Nickel aluminum bronze performs particularly well in marine environments, making it frequently used in the manufacturing of bearings for ships and marine engineering equipment. Additionally, this alloy also has good sliding characteristics, suitable for applications requiring a low coefficient of friction.

CuSn12Pb (Lead Tin Bronze) The CuSn12Pb alloy is a classic bearing material, characterized by approximately 12% tin and a small amount of lead. The inclusion of lead endows this alloy with excellent sliding properties and self-lubricating characteristics, allowing it to maintain good performance under heavy loads and high-speed rotation. Lead tin bronze is widely used in various industrial machinery, automotive, and railway transportation equipment.

CuSn7ZnPb (Tin Zinc Lead Bronze) The CuSn7ZnPb alloy is a bronze containing tin, zinc, and lead, with a composition that can be adjusted according to the specific requirements of the application. This alloy has good mechanical properties and wear resistance, suitable for manufacturing bearings, bushings, and other components that require high wear resistance and reliability. Tin zinc lead bronze is particularly popular in the industrial and automotive sectors because it offers a long service life and stable performance.

When choosing materials for sliding bearings, it is essential to consider the specific requirements of the application, including load, speed, temperature, environmental conditions, and lubrication status. The aforementioned bronze alloys all have outstanding performance capabilities that can meet the needs of various industrial applications. By selecting and applying these materials appropriately, the efficiency and reliability of equipment can be effectively enhanced, extending its service life.

solid bushing, bronze with lubricant plugs embedded, DIN 1850/ISO 4379, Maintenance-free

MATERIALS

Support material

CuZn25Al5

Sliding Layer

Solid lubricant surface: app. 25-30% [N/mm2]

Other commonly used bronze alloys: CuAl10Ni, CuSn12Pb, CuSn7ZnPb

Material Characteristics

  • Bronze Alloy: Solid bronze bushings are usually made from special bronze alloys like CuSn7ZnPb (a tin, zinc, and lead-containing bronze), which offers excellent wear resistance and load-bearing capacity. The high copper content in the bronze alloy provides good thermal conductivity, aiding in heat dissipation and reducing heat generation from friction.
  • Lubricant Plugs: A key feature of solid bronze bushings, these embedded plugs contain pre-filled solid lubricants, such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). These lubricants are gradually released over the lifespan of the bushing, providing continuous lubrication, reducing wear, and lowering friction.

Advantages of Maintenance-Free Operation

  • Reduced Maintenance: Thanks to the pre-filled and slowly releasing lubricants, solid bronze bushings can operate for extended periods without the need for additional lubrication, thus reducing the frequency of routine maintenance.
  • Increased Reliability: Maintenance-free bushings reduce the risk of failures due to insufficient lubrication, enhancing the reliability and performance of mechanical equipment.
  • Extended Lifespan: Ongoing lubrication helps extend the life of both the bushings and other mechanical components, decreasing the frequency of replacements and associated costs.

Applications Maintenance-free solid bronze bushings are used across various industrial sectors, including but not limited to:

  • Automotive Industry: For manufacturing steering knuckles, suspension systems, and engine components.
  • Mechanical Engineering: Installed in pumps, fans, and other heavy machinery.
  • Construction and Agricultural Machinery: Used in various construction and agricultural equipment for hinges, bearings, and sliders.

CAC301, CAC302, CAC303, CAC304, CAC701, CAC702, and CAC703 are designations for different grades of bronze alloys. These grades are typically used to specify the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the bronze material, which can vary depending on the intended use. Here’s a brief overview:

  • CAC301: Known as common brass, it is often used for general applications where moderate strength and good corrosion resistance are required.
  • CAC302: Similar to CAC301 but typically has a slightly different composition to alter properties like strength or machinability.
  • CAC303: This grade might offer properties suited for specific forming processes or enhanced corrosion resistance compared to CAC301 and CAC302.
  • CAC304: Often characterized by a different balance of elements to provide unique properties such as improved wear resistance or lower friction.
  • CAC701, CAC702, CAC703: These grades are generally part of a different series or type of bronze alloys, possibly with higher tin content or special additives for applications requiring higher strength, better wear resistance, or superior corrosion resistance.

Each grade is tailored for specific applications ranging from general hardware, decorative items, to components in marine environments and heavy industrial machinery. The exact composition and properties can vary by manufacturer and specific industry standards.

Electrical Engineering: Serve as insulating and conductive components in motors and generators.

Special bronze alloys play a significant role in industrial applications due to their unique physical and mechanical properties. These alloys are often used to manufacture various bearing components, such as bronze worms, bronze rings, bronze nuts, bronze thrust bearings, and slide bearing plates. These parts are crucial in mechanical movements, especially in applications requiring high wear resistance and low friction coefficients.

Custom Bearing Bronze Size In many industrial applications, standard bearing sizes may not meet specific design requirements or performance standards. Therefore, many manufacturers offer customization services to meet clients’ needs for specific sizes and shapes. Custom bearing bronze components can ensure optimal performance and efficiency of mechanical systems, while also extending the lifespan of the parts.

Manufacturing The manufacturing process for special bronze alloys typically includes steps such as melting, casting, heat treatment, and precision machining. Strict quality control is essential throughout the manufacturing process to ensure that the final product performs as expected. For example, heat treatment can improve the hardness and strength of the alloy, while precision machining ensures the dimensional accuracy and surface finish of the components.

Alloy Types and Their Applications Here are some common special bronze alloys and their applications:

  • ZQAL9-4: This is an aluminum and iron-containing bronze alloy with good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, commonly used to manufacture high-strength bearings and structural components.
  • ZCuAl10Fe3: This alloy contains a higher proportion of aluminum and iron, offering excellent strength and wear resistance, suitable for demanding engineering applications.
  • ZCuSn10P1: A tin and phosphorus-containing bronze alloy, it has good fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance, ideal for manufacturing bearings that withstand heavy loads.
  • ZCuSn12Pb2: This lead-containing tin bronze alloy provides excellent self-lubricating properties and wear resistance, suitable for manufacturing heavy-load and high-speed bearings.
  • ZCuSn12Pb1: Similar to ZCuSn12Pb2 but with a lower lead content, it still offers good self-lubricating properties, suitable for various bearings and sliding components.
  • CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3: This alloy combines high zinc and aluminum content, providing very high strength and hardness, suitable for high-performance bearings and mechanical components.
  • ZQSn8: A zinc-containing bronze alloy, it has good casting and mechanical properties, commonly used to manufacture large bearings and structural components.
  • ZCuAl10Ni6Fe5: Containing aluminum, nickel, and iron, this bronze alloy offers good strength and corrosion resistance, suitable for parts in marine and chemical environments.
  • CuSn12Ni12: This alloy contains equal proportions of tin and nickel, providing excellent overall performance, including high strength, good corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, suitable for high-end engineering applications.

The selection of special bronze alloys depends on the specific requirements of the application, including the needed strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and self-lubricating properties. Through careful design and manufacturing, these alloys can provide reliable performance and long-term durability in various industrial environments.

In applications requiring high-maintenance bearing bronze bushings, oil or grease lubrication is essential to ensure long-term reliability and performance of the bushings. To reduce maintenance efforts, designers incorporate lubrication grooves on the bushings, which help distribute the lubricant more effectively and reduce the frequency of maintenance. The type of lubrication groove is crucial for lubrication efficiency and maintenance requirements. Here are some common types of lubrication grooves:

Straight Grooves: Straight grooves are the simplest lubrication groove design, consisting of a series of parallel lines that effectively guide the lubricant towards the bushing’s contact surface. This type of groove is easy to manufacture and is suitable for many standard bearing applications.

Helical Grooves: Helical grooves are distributed in a spiral form on the surface of the bushing, helping to evenly distribute the lubricant and provide a wider area of lubrication coverage. This design enhances lubrication efficiency and is suitable for applications involving high-speed rotation or heavier loads.

Radial Grooves: Radial grooves extend from the center of the bushing outward, helping to push the lubricant towards the bushing’s outer edges, thus providing comprehensive lubrication. This design is suitable for large bushings, especially in applications where lubricant needs to be distributed over a larger area.

Dotted Grooves: Dotted grooves consist of small dots or indentations that create a series of miniature reservoirs on the bushing’s surface. This design helps release lubricant as needed and is suitable for applications that do not require continuous lubrication.

Maze Grooves: Maze grooves are designed with complex pathways intended to maximize the flow path of the lubricant on the bushing’s surface. This design increases the retention time of the lubricant, suitable for applications that are difficult to access or maintain regularly.

Combination Grooves: Combination grooves use a mix of different types of grooves to achieve optimal lubrication effects. For example, a combination of helical and radial grooves can provide both extensive lubrication coverage and deep penetration of the lubricant.

When choosing a lubrication groove type, it is important to consider the bushing’s operating environment, load conditions, rotational speed, and the type and viscosity of the lubricant. Proper lubrication groove design can significantly enhance the performance and lifespan of the bushing while reducing maintenance efforts and potential downtime. Through careful design and manufacturing, lubrication grooves can help ensure the reliability and efficiency of bearing bronze bushings in high-maintenance applications.

ASTM Bronzes parts

Bronzes that comply with the ASTM B505 and B271 standard
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EN 1982 Bronze Bearing

Range of bronze bearing from the European Standard EN 1982.
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Maintenance Free, Bearing Bronze Components, “High tensile brasses,” “Tin bronzes,” “Lead bronzes,” and “Aluminium Bronzes.”

In hac habitasse platea dictumst nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar.

QAL9-4 brass bushings
Special Bronze Alloys， Manufacture of Bronze Parts

Composition and Properties of Tin Bronzes

Tin Content: Tin is the key component in tin bronzes, typically comprising 8-12.5% of the alloy. Its presence notably enhances the strength and hardness of the alloy compared to pure copper.

Copper Base: Copper constitutes approximately 87% of the alloy, providing excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance, which are advantageous for numerous applications.

Additional Elements:

  • Lead: Integrated to enhance anti-friction properties, making the alloy particularly suitable for bearings and other applications where friction reduction is crucial.
  • Zinc: Increases the strength and wear resistance of the alloy.
  • Phosphorus: Boosts machinability and can also strengthen the alloy.

Applications of Tin Bronzes in Bearings

Tin bronzes are highly valued in bearing applications due to their robust combination of strength, wear resistance, and favorable frictional properties. Specific applications include:

  • Plain Bearings: Often utilized in devices that mitigate friction between moving parts.
  • Bushing and Sleeve Bearings: Employed where a smooth surface is necessary to minimize friction and wear.
  • Gear Components: The strength and durability of tin bronzes are ideal for gears subjected to heavy loads, ensuring reliable operation over extended periods.
  • Pump Bodies and Structural Parts: Useful in components exposed to high loads and corrosive environments.

Standards and Specifications

Tin bronzes are manufactured in accordance with various international standards, such as the EN 1982 standard. Examples of tin bronze alloys conforming to this standard include:

  • CuSn5Zn5Pb5 (CC491K): Known for its high durability and tensile strength, this alloy is ideal for heavily loaded machine parts and high-speed machine friction components.
  • EN 1982 CC491K, CuSn5ZnPb5-C: Also referred to as red metal, this alloy is favored for applications requiring excellent bearing properties and wear resistance.
  • CuAl10Fe5Ni5 (CC333G): Although not a traditional tin bronze, this alloy is recognized under the EN 1982 standard and is suitable for parts operating under extreme load and tension, thanks to its superior corrosion resistance.

In conclusion, tin bronzes offer a versatile range of properties making them excellent for bearing applications. Their well-defined composition and compliance with international standards like EN 1982 enable them to meet the diverse demands of various industrial uses where high strength, wear resistance, and effective friction management are essential.

Composition of Leaded Bronzes

Leaded bronzes are primarily composed of copper, tin, and lead. Typically, the lead content ranges from 4 to 10%, enhancing the alloy’s lubricity under dry or boundary lubrication conditions. Tin, which usually constitutes 8 to 12% of the alloy, bolsters the strength and hardness of the bronze.

Properties of Leaded Bronzes

  • Self-Lubrication: Lead imparts a smooth, low-friction surface to the alloy, enabling operation with minimal external lubrication.
  • Improved Wear Resistance: These bronzes are noted for their robust wear resistance, essential for the durability of bearings and other mechanical components.
  • High Strength and Fatigue Resistance: The synergy of copper and tin endows the alloy with considerable strength and fatigue resistance, suitable for enduring heavy loads and repetitive stress cycles.
  • Corrosion Resistance: Leaded bronzes also demonstrate commendable resistance to corrosion, making them apt for harsh environmental conditions.

Applications of Leaded Bronze Bearings

  • Heavy Machinery Bearings: The self-lubricating properties of leaded bronzes make them ideal for bearings in heavy machinery such as industrial pumps, compressors, and gears.
  • Automotive and Transportation: These bearings are utilized in various automotive applications, including wheel bearings, valve lifters, and suspension components.
  • Marine and Offshore Equipment: Their corrosion resistance makes leaded bronzes suitable for marine and offshore applications, where they face exposure to saltwater and other corrosive elements.
  • Industrial Machinery: Leaded bronze bearings find extensive use in industrial machinery across sectors such as textiles, printing, and food processing, where consistent performance is crucial.

Environmental Considerations and Alternatives

The environmental and health impacts of lead have led to scrutiny over its use in bronze alloys. With lead recognized as a toxic substance, efforts are increasing to phase it out or restrict its use. This has spurred interest in developing alternatives such as bismuth bronze, which offers similar self-lubricating properties without lead. Additionally, alloys based on aluminum and zinc are being explored as potential substitutes for leaded bronzes.

Composition and Properties of CuSn7Zn4Pb7

Composition:

  • Copper (Cu): As the foundational metal, copper comprises the majority of CuSn7Zn4Pb7, offering excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance which underpins the alloy’s performance.
  • Tin (Sn): Tin, making up about 7% of the alloy, enhances its strength and hardness, which are critical for the alloy’s durability and resistance to wear.
  • Zinc (Zn): The inclusion of zinc not only improves the alloy’s casting characteristics but also augments its strength.
  • Lead (Pb): At approximately 4%, lead boosts the alloy’s machinability and imparts superior bearing qualities, such as self-lubrication under certain operational conditions.

Performance Characteristics:

  • High Strength and Hardness: The synergy of copper, tin, and lead provides substantial strength and hardness, crucial for enduring heavy loads in bearing applications.
  • Wear Resistance: CuSn7Zn4Pb7 is noted for its exceptional wear resistance, ideal for plain bearings subjected to consistent friction and movement.
  • Self-Lubricating Properties: Lead content facilitates self-lubrication, reducing reliance on external lubricants and enhancing performance in dry or boundary lubrication scenarios.
  • Corrosion Resistance: This alloy boasts significant resistance to various forms of corrosion, making it suitable for harsh environments.

Applications in Heavy-Duty Environments:

  • Industrial Machinery: Due to its robustness and wear resistance, the alloy excels in heavy machinery such as pumps, compressors, and gears, ensuring dependable operation.
  • Automotive Industry: Utilized in components like wheel bearings and transmission parts, CuSn7Zn4Pb7 supports high durability and load-bearing demands.
  • Marine and Offshore Equipment: Its corrosion resistance proves invaluable in marine settings, safeguarding equipment against the rigors of saltwater and extreme conditions.
  • Renewable Energy: The alloy’s properties make it apt for renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines and solar panels, where long-term reliability is essential.

Conclusion: CuSn7Zn4Pb7, a leaded tin bronze, is excellently suited for plain bearings in demanding applications. Its blend of strength, wear resistance, self-lubrication, and corrosion resistance renders it an optimal material for environments where high performance and longevity are critical.

While leaded bronzes are effective bearing materials known for their self-lubrication, wear resistance, and strength, the industry is actively pursuing alternative materials. These alternatives aim to replicate the performance benefits of leaded bronzes without the environmental and health risks associated with lead.

Composition of Aluminum Bronzes

Aluminum bronzes are distinguished by their high aluminum content, which typically ranges from 6% to 12%. The base of the alloy is predominantly copper, which enhances the overall properties of the alloy. To improve performance, small quantities of other elements such as iron, nickel, or manganese may be included.

Properties of Aluminum Bronzes

  • High Strength and Hardness: Aluminum bronzes are noted for their robust strength and hardness, making them ideal for bearing materials that need to endure heavy loads and abrasive conditions.
  • Corrosion Resistance: These alloys excel in corrosion resistance, particularly in marine environments where they are exposed to saltwater and other corrosive agents.
  • Wear Resistance: The inherent hardness and composition of aluminum bronzes enhance their wear resistance, essential for bearings and components subjected to friction.
  • Machinability: Aluminum bronzes are often highly machinable, facilitating the fabrication of complex parts with precision.
  • Thermal Conductivity: These alloys also possess good thermal conductivity, advantageous in applications requiring effective heat dissipation.

Applications of Aluminum Bronze Bearings

  • Marine Equipment: Their corrosion resistance makes aluminum bronze bearings suitable for marine use, such as in propellers, shafts, and other subsea components.
  • Industrial Machinery: Given their strength and wear resistance, these bronzes are preferred in industrial machinery for gears, bushings, and bearings under heavy loads.
  • Aerospace Components: Aluminum bronzes are valued in aerospace for components like bushings and bearings, where high strength and fatigue resistance are crucial.
  • Automotive Industry: These bearings are employed in various automotive applications, including wheel bearings, benefiting from their self-lubricating properties and resistance to wear.
  • Electronics and Electrical Equipment: The thermal conductivity of aluminum bronzes is beneficial in the electronics and electrical sectors, aiding in heat dissipation for optimal functioning.

Popular Aluminum Bronze Alloys

  • C954 Aluminum Bronze: Known for its excellent tensile and yield strength, ductility, weldability, and machinability, C954 is widely used where strength and corrosion resistance are required.
  • C95500 Aluminum Bronze: This alloy offers properties similar to C954 but with a slightly higher aluminum content, enhancing its corrosion resistance and strength.
  • C95200 Aluminum Bronze: Renowned for its superior bearing properties, C95200 is frequently chosen for applications demanding high load capacity and wear resistance.

In summary, aluminum bronzes are a versatile class of bearing bronzes that excel in strength, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, making them suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, from marine and industrial machinery to aerospace and automotive industries. The reliability and performance of these alloys in demanding conditions contribute to their widespread popularity.

High Tensile Brasses: Composition and Applications

Overview High Tensile Brasses, also known as Manganese Bronze or High Strength Brass, are specialized copper alloys designed for enhanced mechanical properties, especially tensile strength. These alloys are vital in applications requiring high strength and durability, such as in the manufacturing of bearing components.

Composition The primary components of High Tensile Brasses are copper and zinc. Manganese is the critical alloying element that sets these brasses apart from standard brass alloys, as it significantly boosts the alloy’s strength. Additional elements like aluminum, iron, nickel, and silicon may be incorporated to further improve various characteristics of the alloy.

Properties

  • High Tensile Strength: The inclusion of manganese and other elements markedly increases these brasses’ tensile strength beyond that of standard brass alloys.
  • Good Fatigue Resistance: These alloys exhibit enhanced fatigue resistance, making them suitable for applications involving cyclic loading.
  • Corrosion Resistance: High Tensile Brasses offer robust corrosion resistance, particularly in marine and other corrosive environments.
  • Wear Resistance: The inherent strength and hardness also enhance their wear resistance, crucial in bearing applications.
  • Machinability: Despite their hardness, High Tensile Brasses are machinable, allowing for the precise fabrication of complex parts.

Applications

  • Bearings and Bushings: Ideal for bearings and bushings, these alloys can handle heavy loads and demanding operational conditions due to their strength and wear resistance.
  • Marine Components: Their corrosion resistance makes them suitable for marine applications, including propeller shafts and bearings exposed to saltwater.
  • Heavy Machinery: Utilized in construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and industrial pumps, where components face high loads and stress.
  • Automotive Industry: Found in various automotive components such as valve stems, wear rings, and bearings designed for heavy loads.
  • Structural Components: Employed in structural components that demand high strength and fatigue resistance, such as bridges and infrastructure projects.

Popular High Tensile Brass Alloys

  • CZ114/CW721R: Known for its versatility, this high-strength brass alloy is both hot workable and machinable, often used for its excellent mechanical properties.
  • C95200: A specific high-tensile brass that balances strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability.
  • ToughMet Spinodal: A high-entropy alloy that includes high tensile brasses and bronzes, providing unique property combinations for specialized applications.

Summary High Tensile Brasses are essential copper alloys that deliver superior mechanical properties, particularly in tensile strength. Their robustness, combined with excellent corrosion and wear resistance, makes them highly sought after for a wide array of industrial and engineering applications.

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