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A plain bearing is a bearing that works under sliding friction. Sliding bearings work smoothly, reliably and without noise. Under the condition of liquid lubrication, the sliding surface is separated by lubricating oil without direct contact, which can also greatly reduce the friction loss and surface wear, and the oil film also has certain vibration absorption ability. But the starting friction resistance is large. The part of the shaft supported by the bearing is called the journal, and the parts matched with the journal are called the shaft tile. In order to improve the frictional properties of the surface of the shaft tile and cast in its inner surface of the friction reducing material layer called bearing lining. The material of the shaft and bearing liner is collectively called sliding bearing material. Sliding bearing applications are generally in the low speed and heavy load conditions, or maintenance and filling lubrication difficult operating parts.

China is one of the countries that invented rolling bearings earlier in the world, and the structure of axle bearings has been recorded in Chinese ancient books. From the archaeological relics and information, the oldest Chinese bearing with the prototype of modern rolling bearing structure appeared in the village of Xuejiya, Yongji County, Shanxi Province in 221~207 BC (Qin Dynasty). After the founding of New China, especially since the 1970s, bearing industry has entered a new period of rapid development of high quality. At the end of the seventeenth century, the British C. Varro design and manufacture of ball bearings, and installed in the mail carriage trial as well as the British P. Worth to obtain the patent for ball bearings. At the end of the eighteenth century, H.R. Hertz of Germany published a paper on the contact stress of ball bearings. On the basis of Hertz’s achievement, Germany’s R. Streibeck, Sweden’s A. Palmgren and others conducted a large number of experiments, and contributed to the development of rolling bearing design theory and fatigue life calculation. Subsequently, N.P. Petrov of Russia applied Newton’s law of viscosity to calculate bearing friction. Britain’s O. Reynolds of Thor’s discovery of mathematical analysis, derived the Reynolds equation, from then on laid the foundation of hydrodynamic pressure lubrication theory.　The early form of linear motion bearing is a row of wooden rods placed under a sled. This technology may date back to the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, although there is no clear evidence. Modern linear motion bearings use the same operating principle, except that balls are sometimes used instead of rollers. The earliest sliding and rolling element bearings were made of wood. Ceramics, sapphire or glass were also used, and steel, copper, other metals, and plastics (such as plastic, metal ptfe, Teflon, and pom) were commonly used.

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First of all, it is generally used as graphite thrust washer bearing is carbon graphite instead of graphite. Because the strength of pure graphite is too low, small hardness, not wear-resistant, not suitable for graphite inlay bearing to do graphite thrust washer bearing. The characteristics of graphite self-lubricating washer:

1. Good self-lubrication. This is the other materials can not be compared. Can bimetal bushings to withstand a short period of dry wear.
2. Good corrosion resistance. Carbon graphite has good corrosion resistance in the medium of acid and alkali salt except strong oxidizing acid.
3. Good chemical stability and temperature resistance. It remains stable in the range of -200～1000℃. However, due to different impregnating resins, the actual use temperature varies depending on the resin. For example, the use temperature of graphite bearing gasket impregnated with furan resin is 200℃, that of epoxy resin is 150℃, and the use temperature of carbon graphite impregnated with metal is higher.
4. Good thermal conductivity.
5. Good wear resistance.
6. Brittle, poor impact resistance.
7. Good resistance to galling.
8. processability is okay, but be careful because of brittleness.
9. Cheap price.

Characteristics of bronze washer gasket:

1. Self-lubricating property is okay, but not as good as carbon graphite.
2. Limited corrosion resistance. Commonly used in clear water and seawater medium.
3. Limited use temperature.
4. General wear resistance. Can’t catch up with carbon graphite.
5. Good toughness. Good impact resistance. This is its biggest advantage.
6. General anti-seize performance.
7. Good processability.
8. The price is higher than carbon graphite. Especially now that the price of copper has gone up again.

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It has high bearing capacity, impact resistance, high temperature resistance, self-lubricating ability and other characteristics, especially for heavy load, low speed, reciprocating or oscillating and other difficult to lubricate and form oil film occasions, also not afraid of water and other acid corrosion and erosion. Users generally reflect that inlaid bearing washer not only save oil and energy, but also have a longer working life than ordinary sliding thrust bearing gaskets. At present, the products have been widely used in metallurgical continuous casting machine, rolling equipment, mining machinery, ships, steam turbines, hydraulic turbines, injection molding machines and equipment production lines.

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Basic structure of rolling bearings: Rolling bearings developed on the basis of sliding bearings are based on rolling friction rather than sliding friction. Usually, two rings, a set of rolling elements and a cage are highly common, standardized and serialized. Highly mechanical basic components. Due to the different operating conditions of various machines, various requirements are placed on rolling bearings in terms of load carrying capacity, structure and performance. Therefore, rolling bearings require a variety of structures. However, the most basic structure consists of an inner ring, an outer ring, a rolling element and a cage.

In the case of radial bearings, the inner ring is usually mounted tightly on the shaft and operates with the shaft. The outer ring is usually transition fit to the bearing housing or machinery housing bore to provide support. However, in some cases, there is also an outer ring running with the inner ring fixed to the support or the inner and outer rings operating simultaneously. For thrust bearings, there are collars that fit closely to the shaft and move together, and seat rings that transition fit to the bearing housing or machinery housing bore and are used as supports. The rolling elements (balls, rollers or needles) are usually arranged in the bearing between the two rings by means of a cage for rolling motion. The shape, size and number of bearings directly influence the load carrying capacity and performance of the bearing. In addition to the uniform separation of the rolling elements, the cage can be used to guide the rotation of the rolling elements and to improve the lubrication properties inside the bearing.

1. select the basic type of bearing, tolerance grade and clearance according to the working conditions of the bearing, including the direction and type of load, rotational speed, lubrication method, coaxiality requirement, positioning or non-location, installation and maintenance environment, ambient temperature, etc.

2. according to the working conditions, force and life requirements of the bearing, determine the bearing type by calculation, or according to the use requirements, select the bearing type, and then verify the life.

3. verify the rated load and limit speed of the selected bearing.

The main consideration in selecting the bearing is the ultimate speed and load capacity, while other factors help to determine the bearing type, structure, size and tolerance level and clearance requirements.